尽管症状与急性心肌梗死的症状相似,但此病发病急骤,胸痛一开始即达高峰。心肌缺血的进展通常尚需数分钟。
Though symptoms are very similar to those of acute myocardial
infarction, but the onset is abrupt; myocardial ischemia comes on
over a matter of several minutes。
主动脉夹层是一种极为少见的疾病,漏诊会带来严重的后果。主动脉夹层发生时,主动脉内膜突然撕裂,心脏射血促使主动脉腔内血液迅速从撕裂处流入主动脉中膜,导致剧烈疼痛。患者往往存在高血压。
Aortic dissection is an extremely uncommon medical condition, but
missing the diagnosis has serious consequences。 In dissection, the
intimal tear in the aorta occurs suddenly, and the next heart beat
forces a column blood into the vessel’s media, producing severe
pain; the patient is often hypertensive as well。
如果一名胸痛患者出现休克征象且有明显升高的血压,须考虑诊断为主动脉夹层。
In a patient with chest pain who appears to be in shock with an
elevated blood pressure, the diagnosis is aortic dissection。
注:本病少见,发病率为每年每百万人口为5~10例,中年以上更为多见,患者往往有高血压和动脉粥样硬化的病史。主动脉夹层导致胸痛的特点为放射范围更为广泛(突然发生心前区、背部、腹部或腰部剧烈疼痛),且在剧烈疼痛时仍能维持较高的血压,即使一度下降,但在24~28h内又复上升。如夹层动脉主动脉瘤引起无名动脉或左锁骨下动脉阻塞,可致该侧上肢动脉血压降低,脉搏减弱。胸部X线检查可见主动脉阴影进行性增宽,搏动减弱甚至消失。CT、MRI、血管造影或经食管超声心动图通常有诊断意义。
3.主动脉缩窄
Aortic Coarctation
如果一名上肢血压升高的年轻患者出现间歇性跛行时,听诊其背部,可能闻及此类先天性疾病所致的典型的主动脉收缩期杂音。
When vascular claudication presents in a young person with
hypertension, listen to the back; you may hear the typical murmur
of this congenital disorder。
主动脉发生缩窄导致主动脉弓左锁骨下动脉开口以远的主动脉内血流减少,因此导致肾脏及下肢动脉灌注减少。在没有动脉粥样硬化基础的年轻病人,此种先天血管畸形因下肢供血不足可导致行走时双腿不适、无力,或仅出现下肢沉闷感。在此类成人患者背部可以闻及特征性的血管杂音。
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